Pencemaran Udara; Polusi Asap Kendaraan dengan Gangguan Fungsi Paru
Abstract
Polusi asap kendaraan merupakan salah satu sumber traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) yang mengandung PM₂.₅, PM₁₀, NO₂, black carbon, dan diesel exhaust. Paparan polutan tersebut dapat menyebabkan inflamasi saluran pernapasan, penurunan fungsi paru, dan peningkatan gejala respirasi. Bukti penelitian menunjukkan bahwa paparan TRAP berkaitan dengan berbagai gangguan kesehatan respirasi dan paru. Tujuan: Penelitian menganalisis polusi asap kendaraan dengan gangguan kesehatan paru serta mengidentifikasi faktor yang berperan terhadap kejadian gangguan paru. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode literature review dengan pendekatan systematic narrative review untuk mengidentifikasi, mengevaluasi, dan mensintesis bukti ilmiah mengenai hubungan antara polusi asap kendaraan bermotor (traffic-related air pollution) dengan gangguan kesehatan paru. Proses pencarian literatur dilakukan secara sistematis pada beberapa basis data ilmiah internasional. Hasil: Sintesis literatur menunjukkan bahwa paparan TRAP secara konsisten berkaitan dengan gangguan kesehatan respirasi. Fungsi paru merupakan outcome yang paling sering dianalisis, terutama FEV₁, FVC, FEV₁/FVC, dan MMEF, sedangkan gejala yang umum ditemukan meliputi batuk, sesak napas, dyspnea, dan wheezing. Penelitian terdahulu juga menunjukkan bahwa PM₂.₅, PM₁₀, NO₂, dan emisi diesel dapat meningkatkan inflamasi serta memperburuk fungsi paru. Simpulan: Paparan polusi asap kendaraan merupakan faktor lingkungan yang berpotensi meningkatkan gangguan kesehatan paru. Pengurangan paparan, pengendalian emisi kendaraan, penggunaan perlindungan diri, dan deteksi dini gangguan fungsi paru diperlukan untuk mengurangi dampak kesehatan.
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